Compounds and Methods for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases of the CNS

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory diseases in the CNS can be treated or alleviated by the administration of an oligonucleotide in an amount sufficient to reduce the influx of mononuclear cells to the central nervous system by down-regulating the expression of at least one cell surface marker. For example multiple sclerosis can be treated or at least alleviated, by the administration of an oligonucleotide in a dose effective to inhibit or reduce the influx of mononuclear and/or autoaggressive cells to the central nervous system. The oligonucleotide can be used alone, or in combination with other treatment strategies.

This application is a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. 120 ofU.S. Ser. No. 14/148,483 filed Jan. 6, 2014, which is a continuationapplication under 35 U.S.C. 120 of U.S. Ser. No. 13/127,190 filed Jul.25, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,637,479, which is a 371 ofPCT/SE2009/051247 filed Nov. 4, 2009, which claims priority under 35U.S.C. 119 to U.S. No. 61/111,287 filed Nov. 4, 2008.

This application incorporates by reference the material in the text filesubmitted herewith named “Jan-6-2014-186890A_ST25.txt” created Jan. 6,2014 and having a size of 4064 bytes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns the treatment and/or alleviation ofinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as butnot limited to multiple sclerosis, and makes available compounds andmethods for this use.

BACKGROUND

Cell migration is central to many processes in the human body, such asthe immune response, but can also be a component of chronicinflammation. The migration of mononuclear cells to the CNS is believedto be one factor underlying the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases ofthe CNS.

One example is multiple sclerosis (MS) which is an autoimmune diseasethat affects the CNS, i.e. the brain and spinal cord. MS ischaracterized by weakness, tremors, and visual impairments. Othersymptoms are slurred speech and impaired mobility, e.g. that thepatients drag their feet, stumble, and frequently drop objects. Thesesymptoms may remain mild, come and go, or become crippling—but they tendto get progressively worse with age (Hafler, 2004). MS usually affectswomen more than men. The disorder most commonly begins between ages 20and 40, but can strike at any age. The exact cause is not known, but MSis believed to result from damage to the myelin sheath, the protectivematerial which surrounds nerve cells. It is a progressive disease,meaning that the damage gets worse over time. Inflammation destroys themyelin, leaving multiple areas of scar tissue (sclerosis). Theinflammation occurs when the body's own immune cells attack the nervoussystem.

One important step in the pathogenesis of MS is the migration of cellsto the CNS, wherein self-reactive T-cells, and B-cells together withmonocytes mediate inflammation of the CNS, thereby causing demyelinationof axons. Chemokines and their receptors are proposed to play a majorrole in the recruitment of these leukocytes to CNS. Thus, a reduction ofchemokine receptors may be an effective strategy to prevent migration ofdestructive cells to CNS. Important chemokine receptors described in MSpathology are CCR5 (a receptor for chemotactic proteins such as RANTESand MIP-1alpha), CXCR3 (a receptor for chemotactic proteins such asIP-10 and MIG), and CCR2 (a receptor for chemotactic proteins such asMCP1-3) (Trebst C et al., 2009).

Another step that can lead the lymphocytes to enter into the parenchymaof the CNS is adhesion of CD49d (very late antigen, VLA-4 expressed onT-cells and B-cells) to their receptors on endothelial cells, andthereby transmigrate through the blood-brain barrier. A reduction ofCD49d can reduce the transmigration and accumulation of immune cells inthe CNS (Steinman L, 2009).

In healthy individuals, immune cells cannot pass through the CNScapillaries and venules into the CNS tissue because the walls of thecapillaries in the CNS are different from those in the rest of the bodyin that they have very closely packed cells which do not allow thepassage of immune cells. This special feature of the CNS vascular systemis referred to as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF) has been described to induce breakdown of the BBB,which in turn can exacerbate the inflammatory response in autoimmunedisease of the CNS (e.g. MS) (Proescholdt MA et al., 2002). A reductionof VEGF is an effective strategy to prevent the increased vascularpermeability of BBB and thereby reduce the influx of destructive cellsinto CNS.

The inflammation causes nerve impulses to slow down or become blocked,leading to the symptoms of MS. Repeated episodes, or flare ups, ofinflammation can occur along any area of the brain and spinal cord.

Symptoms vary because the location and extent of each attack varies.Usually episodes which last days, weeks, or even months, alternate withperiods of reduced or no symptoms (remission). Recurrence (relapse) iscommon although non-stop progression without periods of remission mayalso occur.

Patients diagnosed as having MS can expect one of four clinical coursesof disease, each of which might be mild, moderate, or severe:

1. Relapsing-Remitting

Characteristics: People with this type of MS experience clearly definedflare-ups (also called relapses, attacks, or exacerbations). These areepisodes of acute worsening of neurological function. They are followedby periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions) free of diseaseprogression.

Frequency: Most common form of MS at time of initial diagnosis.Approximately 85% of patients.

2. Primary-Progressive

Characteristics: People with this type of MS experience a slow butnearly continuous worsening of their disease from the onset, with nodistinct relapses or remissions. However, there are variations in ratesof progression over time, occasional plateaus, and temporary minorimprovements.

Frequency: Relatively rare. Approximately 10% of patients.

3. Secondary-Progressive

Characteristics: People with this type of MS experience an initialperiod of relapsing-remitting MS, followed by a steadily worseningdisease course with or without occasional flare-ups, minor recoveries(remissions), or plateaus.

Frequency: 50% of people with relapsing-remitting MS developed this formof the disease within 10 years of their initial diagnosis, beforeintroduction of the “disease-modifying” drugs. Long-term data are notyet available to demonstrate if this is significantly delayed bytreatment.

4. Progressive-Relapsing

Characteristics: People with this type of MS experience a steadilyworsening disease from the onset but also have clear acute relapses(attacks or exacerbations), with or without recovery. In contrast torelapsing-remitting MS, the periods between relapses are characterizedby continuing disease progression.

Frequency: Relatively rare. Approximately 5% of patients.

There is no consensus within the scientific community as to whattriggers an attack. Patients with MS typically have a higher number ofimmune cells than a healthy person, which suggests that an immuneresponse might play a role. The most common theories point to a virus orgenetic defect, or a combination of both. There also appears to be agenetic link to the disease. MS is more likely to occur in northernEurope, the northern United States, southern Australia, and New Zealandthan in other areas. Geographic studies indicate there may be anenvironmental factor involved. People with a family history of MS andthose who live in a geographical area with a higher incidence rate forMS have a higher risk of the disease.

Medications such as interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, andmitoxantrone can reduce the frequency and severity of attacks in peoplewith relapsing-remitting MS and may reduce or delay future disability.Interferon-beta and mitoxantrone may also slow the progression ofsecondary progressive MS.

Treatment with interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate should begin assoon as relapsing-remitting MS has been diagnosed. Most specialists nowagree that permanent damage to the nervous system may occur early on,even while the symptoms are still quite mild. Early treatment may helpprevent or delay some of this damage.

Interferon beta treatment is however accompanied by several adverseeffects. The most frequent adverse effects are flu-like symptoms:increased body temperature, feeling ill, fatigue, headache, muscle pain,convulsion, dizziness, hair thinning, and depression. Erythema, pain andhardness on the spot of injection are also frequently observed.Interferon therapy causes immunosuppression and can result in someinfections manifesting in unusual ways.

Also corticosteroids may be given during a relapse to reduceinflammation and shorten the attack. The potent effect ofcorticosteroids can result in serious side effects which mimic Cushing'sdisease, a malfunction of the adrenal glands resulting in anoverproduction of cortisol. The list of potential side effects is longand includes: increased appetite and weight gain; deposits of fat inchest, face, upper back, and stomach; water and salt retention leadingto swelling and edema; high blood pressure; diabetes; black and bluemarks; slowed healing of wounds; osteoporosis; cataracts; acne; muscleweakness; thinning of the skin; increased susceptibility to infection;stomach ulcers; increased sweating; mood swings; psychological problemssuch as depression; and adrenal suppression.

In 2004, the FDA approved the use of a monoclonal antibody (natalizumab,Tysabri®, Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, Mass., USA, and ElanPharmaceuticals, Inc., Dublin, Ireland) for the treatment of patientswith relapsing forms of MS (FDA News P04-107, Nov. 23, 2004).

While generally well tolerated, natalizumab is occasionally associatedwith severe adverse effects. Antibody therapy in general is costly, andthere is a need for improvements inter alia with regards to efficacy.

Currently, a number of other monoclonal antibodies are beinginvestigated for MS, including some that are already in use in otherconditions. These include ocrelizumab (Genentech/Hoffmann-La Roche)daclizumab (Biogen Idec, Inc.), alemtuzumab (Campath®, MabCampath®,Bayer Schering, BTG, Genzyme, Millenium), and rituximab (Rituxan®,MabThera®, Genentech, Hoffmann-La Roche, Biogen Idec Inc.)

WO 2006/065751 concerns a CpG oligonucleotide prodrug that includes athermolabile substituent on at least one nucleotide thereof. Therapeuticmethods of using such thermolabile CpG oligonucleotide prodrugs aredescribed. The induction of cytokines, in particular interferons, e.g.interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, or interferon-gamma is disclosed.

WO 2006/027776 concerns methods for regulating an AChE-associatedbiological pathway having a miRNA component, the methods comprisingsubjecting the AChE-associated biological pathway to an agent capable ofregulating a function of the miRNA, thereby regulating theAChE-associated biological pathway. Said agents include modifiedpolynucleotide sequences.

WO 2007/095316 relates generally to immunostimulatory nucleic acids,compositions thereof and methods of using the immunostimulatory nucleicacids. In particular the invention relates to palindrome-containingimmunostimulatory nucleic acids and the use of these nucleic acids intreating disease.

WO 2004/016805 discloses a class of soft or semi-soft CpGimmunostimulatory oligonucleotides that are useful for stimulating animmune response.

In summary, there is a need for improving existing therapies for MS,with the aim of improving efficacy, as well as reducing cost and adverseeffects. There is also a need for developing new treatment strategiesfor the battle against MS.

SUMMARY

The present inventors realized that the existing approaches to treat oralleviate MS were insufficient in view of both the results of treatment,the cost of treatment, and the occurrence of adverse effects. Theinventors set out to identify novel compounds useful for the treatmentand/or alleviation of MS, and to develop methods of treatment havingimproved efficacy and reduced adverse effects on the patients. Otherproblems underlying the invention, as well as advantages associated withthe invention, will become evident to the skilled person upon study ofthe description, examples, and claims, incorporated herein by reference.

The inventors surprisingly found that specific oligonucleotide sequenceswere effective to inhibit or reduce the influx of autoaggressive cellsto the central nervous system by down-regulating the expression ofspecific cell surface markers. The inventions and embodiments are as setout in the enclosed claims, incorporated herein by reference.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following detailed description, reference will be made to theattached drawings in which;

FIGS. 1-3 are bar diagrams, showing normalized relative mRNA expressionof IFN-alpha (FIG. 1), IFN-beta (FIG. 2), and IL-10 (FIG. 3) in ratsplenocytes stimulated with the inventive compounds and cultured for 24hours. Values were normalized to the mean RQ value of the samples thatwere stimulated with medium only. Data are shown as means±SD ofsplenocytes derived from 6 spleens.

FIG. 4 is a bar diagram showing the expression of CD49d (MFI) insplenocytes from DA rat (n=3). Splenocytes (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated orstimulated (10 μM) with drugs. The inventive compounds were able todown-regulate CD49d expressed on CD3 expressing cells after 48 hincubation as analyzed by FACS.

FIG. 5 shows the expression of CD49d (MFI) in PBMC from DA rat. PBMC(2×10⁶/ml) left untreated or stimulated (10 μM) with drugs. Theinventive compounds were able to down-regulate CD49d expressed on CD3expressing cells after 48 h incubation as analyzed by FACS.

FIG. 6 is a graph, illustrating the mean clinical score of MOG-inducedEAE in DA rats (female) showing therapeutic effect of oligonucleotidesand vehicle (PBS). Twelve rats in each group were all immunized with ratMOG in Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at day 0. IDX9052, IDX9054,IDX0980 and vehicle were administered before the peak of the firstattack (day 9 and day 15), and during the peak of the first attack (day20). Hundred fifty pg of drugs were administered s.c. in a total volumeof 100 μl.

FIG. 7 is a graph, showing the incidence of MOG-induced EAE in DA rats.Disease severity was reduced in rats treated with IDX0980 and IDX9054compared to PBS and IDX9052 treated groups.

FIG. 8 illustrates the mean clinical score of MOG-EAE in DA rats showingtherapeutic effect of oligonucleotides and vehicle (PBS). 16 rats ineach group were all immunized with rat MOG in Incomplete Freund'sadjuvant (IFA) at day 0. IDX9054 and vehicle were administered beforethe peak of the first attack (day 9 and day 15), and during the peak ofthe first attack (day 20). 150 μg of drugs were administered in a totalvolume of 100 μl s.c and 40 μl i.n. PBS treated group was only treatedi.n.

FIG. 9 shows the mortality of MOG-EAE in DA rats. Reduced mortality inboth IDX0980 and IDX9054 treated groups as compared to PBS and IDX9052treated group. The rats either die of the disease or were killedaccording to ethical regulations. Data are presented at both day 25 and35.

FIG. 10 shows the expression of CD49d on CD3 positive cells isolatedfrom RRMS patients (n=9). PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated or stimulated(1, 10 and 25 μM) with drugs. The oligonucleotides were able to downregulate expression of CD49d on CD3 positive T cells after 48 hincubation as analyzed by FACS. Error bars indicate SEM, *P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001 as analyzed by nonparametric T test, Wilcoxonmatched pair test.

FIG. 11 shows the expression of CXCR3 (CD183) on CD3 positive cellsisolated from RRMS patients. PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated orstimulated (1, 10 and 25 μM) with drugs. The inventive compound was ableto down-regulate the expression of CXCR3 on CD3 positive T cells after48 h incubation as analyzed by FACS.

FIG. 12 shows the expression of CXCR3 (CD183) on CD19 positive cellsisolated from RRMS patients. PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated orstimulated (1, 10 and 25 μM) with drugs. The oligonucleotides were ableto down-regulate expression of CXCR3 on CD19 positive cells after 48 hincubation as analyzed by FACS.

FIG. 13 shows the expression of CXCR3 (CD183) on CD14 positive cellsisolated from RRMS patients. PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated orstimulated (1, 10 and 25 μM) with drugs. The oligonucleotides were ableto down-regulate expression of CXCR3 on CD14 positive cells after 48 hincubation as analyzed by FACS.

FIG. 14 shows the expression of CCR5 (CD195) on CD14 positive cellsisolated from RRMS patients. PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated orstimulated (1, 10 and 25 μM) with drugs. The oligonucleotides were ableto down-regulate expression of CCR5 on CD14 positive cells after 48 hincubation as analyzed by FACS.

FIGS. 15A and 15B show the expression of CCR2 (CD192) on CD14 positivecells isolated from RRMS patients in MFI (FIG. 15A) or % (FIG. 15B),respectively. PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated or stimulated (1, 10 and 25μM) with drugs. The oligonucleotides were able to down-regulateexpression of CCR2 on CD14 positive cells after 48 h incubation asanalyzed by FACS.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show migration of cells towards MCP-1 and RANTES.PBMCs 0.5×10⁶ (FIG. 16A) or 0.250×10⁶ (FIG. 16B) from two RRMS patientswere incubated with the inventive compounds IDX9045, IDX9054, IDX0980(1, 10 and 25 μM) or left untreated for 48 h. Cells were then used inQCM migration assay in order to analyze migration towards MCP-1 andRANTES. Both experiments showed reduced migration of cells treated withinventive compounds compared to untreated cells.

FIG. 17 shows the expression of VEGF in supernatant from RRMS patients(n=6-11). PBMC (2×10⁶/ml) left untreated or stimulated (1, 10 and 25 μM)with drugs. The oligonucleotides were able to down-regulate VEGF insupernatant from the stimulated cells after 48 h incubation as analyzedby CBA. Error bars indicate SEM, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 asanalyzed by nonparametric T test, Wilcoxon matched pair test.

FIG. 18 shows the induction of IFN-beta in PBMC isolated from RRMSpatients. PBMCs (2×10⁶/ml) from different RRMS patients (n=6) werestimulated with three different concentrations (1, 10 and 25 μM) ofoligonucleotides. IFN-beta-production was analyzed after 48 hincubations using IFN-beta ELISA kit.

DESCRIPTION

The following description is of the best mode presently contemplated forcarrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in alimiting sense, but is made solely for the purpose of describing thegeneral principles of the invention. The scope of the invention shouldbe determined with reference to the claims.

Before the invention is described in detail, it is to be understood thatthis invention is not limited to the particular compounds described orprocess steps of the methods described as such compounds and methods mayvary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein isfor purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is notintended to be limiting. It must be noted that, as used in thespecification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and“the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a sequence” includes morethan one such sequence, and the like.

Further, the term “about” is used to indicate a deviation of +/−2% ofthe given value, preferably +/−5% and most preferably +/−10% of thenumeric values, when applicable.

The term “influx” as used in the expression “the influx ofautoaggressive cells to the central nervous system” is intended to meanthe accumulation of autoaggressive cells in the central nervous system,and includes the steps of migration, adhesion, and transmigration ofmononuclear cells, in particular T-cells, B-cells, and monocytes.

The invention makes available specific novel nucleotides, i.e. theisolated oligonucleotide sequences according to any one of SEQ ID NO1-8. See Table 1, which correlates the SEQ ID No:s, the internalreferences and the sequences.

TABLE 1 Oligonucleotides SEQ ID NO Seq 5′-3′ IDX-No  1G*G*G*TCGCAGC*T*G*G IDX9045  2 G*G*G*GTCGTCTGC*G*G*G IDX9054  3T*C*G*TCGTTCGGCCGATCG*T*C*C IDX9038  4 G*G*G*GTCGCAGCT*G*G*G IDX9004  5G*G*G*GTCGTCTG*C*G*G IDX9052  6 T*C*G*TCGTTCTGCCATCGTC*G*T*T IDX9022  7G*A*T*CGTCCGTCGG*G*G*G IDX9058  8 G*G*G*GATCGTCCG*G*G*G IDX9060  9G*G*A*ACAGTTCGTCCAT*G*G*C IDX0150 10 G*G*GGGACGATCGTCG*G*G*G*G*GIDX0980 * = phosphorothioate modification

The above sequences SEQ ID NO 1-8 have been designed by the inventors,and are to the best knowledge of the inventors, not previously known.SEQ ID NO 10, although known for medical use (see below), is to the bestknowledge of the inventors not previously known for use in the treatmentof MS.

SEQ ID NO 9 (IDX0150) is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,498,147, and hasbeen successfully tested in phase II clinical trials for the treatmentof inflammatory bowel disease (Kappaproct®, Index Pharmaceutical AB,Solna, Sweden). SEQ ID NO 10 (IDX0980) was originally used, as it isknown to be a strong immunomodulatory olignucleotide in human (Kerkmannet al., 2005; Wikström et al., 2007).

The present inventors make available an isolated and substantiallypurified oligonucleotide chosen among SEQ ID NO 1-8.

According to one embodiment, at least one nucleotide in sucholigonucleotides has a phosphate backbone modification. Preferably saidphosphate backbone modification is a phosphorothioate orphosphorodithioate modification.

The inventors also make available pharmaceutical compositions comprisingan oligonucleotide according to any one of SEQ ID NO 1-8. Saidpharmaceutical compositions further preferably comprise apharmacologically compatible and physiologically acceptable excipient orcarrier, chosen from saline, liposomes, surfactants, mucoadhesivecompounds, enzyme inhibitors, bile salts, absorption enhancers,cyclodextrins, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is the use of an isolated andsubstantially purified oligonucleotide according to any one of SEQ ID NO1-8 for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for thetreatment, and/or alleviation of multiple sclerosis.

Another embodiment is the use of an isolated and substantially purifiedoligonucleotide according to SEQ ID NO 9 [IDX0150] or SEQ ID NO 10[IDX0980] for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for thetreatment, and/or alleviation of multiple sclerosis, in particularrelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Without wishing to be bound to any specific theory, the inventorscontemplate that the effect of the inventive compounds at least in partis accountable to their capability to inhibit or reduce the influx ofautoaggressive cells to the central nervous system by down-regulatingthe expression of at least one cell surface marker. Consequently, oneembodiment of the invention involves the administration of anoligonucleotide according to SEQ ID NO 1-8 or 9-10 in an amounteffective to inhibit or reduce the influx of autoaggressive cells to thecentral nervous system by down-regulating the expression of at least onecell surface marker.

It is contemplated that the oligonucleotides and the methods of theiruse is also generally applicable to the treatment or alleviation of aninflammatory disease of the central nervous system wherein saidoligonucleotide is administered in an amount effective to inhibit orreduce the influx of mononuclear cells to the central nervous system bydown-regulating the expression of at least one cell surface marker.

Preferably said at least one cell surface marker is chosen among CD49d,CXCR3 (CD183), CCR2 (CD192), and CCR5 (CD195). According to oneembodiment, said oligonucleotide is chosen among SEQ ID NO 1 [IDX9045],SEQ ID NO 2; [IDX9054]; SEQ ID NO 7 [IDX9058); SEQ ID NO 3 [IDX9038].Preferably said oligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO 1 [IDX9045]. According toanother embodiment, said at least one cell surface marker is CD49d andthe oligonucleotide is chosen from SEQ ID NO 3 [IDX9038] or SEQ ID NO 7[IDX9058].

The inventors however also contemplate, again without wishing to bebound to a specific theory, that the effect is at least in partaccountable to the inhibition or reduction of the influx ofautoaggressive cells to the central nervous system by reducing theproduction of VEGF.

Consequently, according to another embodiment of the invention, theoligonucleotide is chosen among SEQ ID NO 1 [IDX9045] and SEQ ID NO 10[IDX0980].

The invention also makes available a method for the treatment, and/oralleviation of multiple sclerosis, wherein an oligonucleotide isadministered in an amount effective to inhibit or reduce the influx ofautoaggressive cells to the central nervous system by down-regulatingthe expression of specific cell surface markers.

Preferably a pharmaceutical composition comprising an oligonucleotideaccording to any one of SEQ ID NO 1-8, 9 and 10 is administered to apatient.

Preferably, the route of administration is chosen from mucosal,subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intraperitonealadministration. Preferably the mucosal administration is chosen fromnasal, oral, gastric, ocular, rectal, urogenital and vaginaladministration.

In the above method, the cell surface marker is at least one of CD49d,CXCR3 (CD183), CCR2 (CD192), and CCR5 (CD195), and the oligonucleotideis chosen among SEQ ID NO 1 [IDX9045], SEQ ID NO 2; [IDX9054]; SEQ ID NO7 [IDX9058); SEQ ID NO 3 [IDX9038].

According to a preferred embodiment, the cell surface marker is CD49dand the oligonucleotide is chosen from SEQ ID NO 3 [IDX9038] or SEQ IDNO 7 [IDX9058].

According to another embodiment of a method for the treatment, and/oralleviation of multiple sclerosis, said oligonucleotide is administeredin an amount effective to inhibit or reduce the influx of autoaggressivecells to the central nervous system by reducing the production of VEGF.In this embodiment, the oligonucleotide is preferably chosen among SEQID NO 1 [IDX9045] and SEQ ID NO 10 [IDX0980].

According to an embodiment, the oligonucleotide is administered in anamount of about 1 to about 2000 μg per kg body weight, preferably about1 to about 1000 μg per kg body weight. Most preferably theoligonucleotide is administered in an amount of about 1 to 500 μg per kgbody weight.

In a method according to the invention, the route of administration ischosen from mucosal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous andintraperitoneal administration. According to an embodiment of themethod, the mucosal administration is chosen from nasal, oral, gastric,ocular, rectal, urogenital and vaginal administration.

Nasal administration constitutes one embodiment of the method accordingto the invention. There are several methods and devices available fornasal administration; single or multi-dosing of both liquid and powderformulations, with either topical or systemic action. Using appropriatedevices or administration techniques, it is possible to target theolfactory bulb region for delivery to the CNS. The present invention isnot limited to particular methods or devices for administering theoligonucleotides to the nasal mucous membrane. The initial animalstudies have shown that simple instillation by pipette workssatisfactorily, although for human use, devices for reliable single ormulti dose of administration would be preferred.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the oligonucleotidesare administered to the mucous membrane of the colon through rectalinstillation, e.g. in the form of an aqueous enema comprising theoligonucleotides suspended in a suitable buffer.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the oligonucleotidesare administered to the mucous membrane of the lungs or the airwaysthrough inhalation of an aerosol, comprising the oligonucleotidessuspended in a suitable buffer, or by performing a lavage, alsocomprising the oligonucleotides suspended in a suitable buffer.

According to yet another embodiment of the invention, theoligonucleotides are administered to the mucous membrane of theurogenital tract, such as the urethra, the vagina etc throughapplication of a solution, a buffer, a gel, salve, paste or the like,comprising the oligonucleotides suspended in a suitable vehicle.

A particular embodiment involves the use of an oligonucleotide accordingto the invention for use in conjunction with the administration ofTysabri, an antibody directed to CD49d, a cell surface marker onT-cells. There are indications that the oligonucleotides according tothe invention can down regulate CD49d, which might reduce transmigrationof T-cells through the blood-brain barrier. The inventors thus makeavailable a combination therapy involving the use of oligonucleotidecompounds together with an anti-CD49d antibody. This is contemplated tobe able to reduce antibody consumption, and thereby reduce the cost,side-effects and risks associated with the said antibody therapy.Consequently, in this embodiment, said compound is administeredsufficiently before the administration of an antibody in order to allowthe down-regulation of the specific cell surface molecules towards whichthe antibody is directed.

A skilled person is well aware of the fact that there are severalapproaches to the treatment of MS. Naturally new approaches areconstantly being developed, and it is conceived that theoligonucleotides, their use and methods of treatment according to thepresent invention, will find utility also in combination with futuretreatments. The inventors presently believe that the inventiveoligonucleotides, their use and methods of treatment would be useful asa stand-alone therapy for MS. It cannot however be excluded that theinventive oligonucleotides will have utility in combination withexisting or future anti-MS treatments.

The oligonucleotide is administered in a therapeutically effective dose.The definition of a “therapeutically effective dose” is dependent on thedisease and treatment setting, a “therapeutically effective dose” beinga dose which alone or in combination with other treatments results in ameasurable improvement of the patient's condition. A skilled person candetermine a therapeutically effective dose either empirically, or basedon laboratory experiments, performed without undue burden. The treatingphysician can also determine a suitable dose, based on his/herexperience and considering the nature and severity of the disease, aswell as the patient's condition.

Another embodiment is the administration of the oligonucleotide in twoor three or more separate doses, separated in time by about 12, about 24hours.

The invention finds utility in the treatment of MS, as supported by thein vivo and in vitro data presented in the experimental section andillustrated in the attached figures.

The embodiments of the invention have many advantages. So far, theadministration of an oligonucleotide in the doses defined by theinventors has not elicited any noticeable side-effects. Further, themucosal administration is easy, fast, and painless, and surprisinglyresults in a systemic effect. It is held that this effect, either alone,or in combination with existing and future anti-MS treatments, offers apromising approach to fight this disease as well as related diseases.

EXAMPLES Example 1 The Effect of Oligonucleotides on Rat Splenocytes

The present inventors set out to find and validate candidate compoundsthat would be beneficial for the treatment and/or alleviation of MS. Thecompounds used in these studies are based on oligodeoxynucleotides.Before specific oligonucleotides could be tested for their beneficialeffect in in vitro and in vivo studies, an assay was developed whichenabled the inventors to test whether an oligonucleotide has animmunomodulatory effect in rat. For this purpose, the inventors used arat splenocyte-based assay, where splenocytes were incubated for aspecified time with a selection of inventive compounds. After theincubation, mRNA expression for several immunological relevant markerswas analyzed (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha,VEGF-A, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-5, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-10 andTGF-beta1), which served as a base to identify compounds that areshowing immunomodulatory effects in rat and enabled the selection ofcompounds to be used in further rat studies.

Materials and Methods

Oligodeoxynucleotides: In the present study, 6 differentoligonucleotides were used for stimulation experiments using rat derivedsplenocytes. All oligonucleotides were synthesized by Biomers.net (Ulm,Germany). Upon arrival, all oligonucleotide were diluted with sterilewater in a series of different dilutions. The optical density (OD)A260/280 was determined in at least five or more samples of eachdilution using a spectrophotometer (SmartSpec™ 3000, Biorad, Hercules,Calif.). The average concentration of all readings, for all dilutions,was calculated in order to determine the concentration of the stock.These stock solutions were all stored at −20 ° C. The different workingsolutions used in the experiments: 1 μM and 10 μM were prepared bydiluting the oligonucleotide stock solutions further in distilled water(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Repeated thawing/freezing cycles wereminimized to limit any degradation of the compounds.

PCR primers: Gene-specific primers were designed by using AppliedBiosystems Primer Express software (Table 2; Foster City, Calif.).Amplification/detection of contaminating genomic DNA was avoided byconstructing one of the primers over an exon/intron boundary. Primeroligonucleotides were ordered from MWG Biotech (Ebersberg, Germany).

Rat splenocyte preparation: Six spleens derived from female DA rats wereused in the study. The spleens were not pooled but dealt withindividually to assess the degree of variability. Cell suspensions wereprepared under sterile conditions by using a 70 μm nylon cell strainer(Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J., USA). Cells were then washedtwice in complete RPMI 1640 (RPMI 1640 containing 5% heat inactivatedFCS (Invitrogen), 2 mM L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 U/ml penicillinand 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen) at 1200 rpm for 7-10 minutes at4° C. The supernatant was decanted and cells were resuspended in 1 mlred blood cell lysing buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated further fortwo minutes at room temperature. Another 5 ml of complete medium wasadded before centrifugation, which was performed as previouslydescribed. After decanting the supernatant, the pellet was resuspendedin complete medium and cell numbers were determined with 0.4% Trypanblue exclusion (Sigma-Aldrich) using a Nikon Eclipse TE2000-S microscope(Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).

In vitro stimulation: Cells were plated out in a 96-well V-bottom platein complete RPMI 1640 medium at a concentration of 10×10⁶ cells/ml,corresponding to 5×10⁵ cells per well. Directly after plating the cells,an oligonucleotide diluted in RPMI 1640 medium were added so that thefinal concentration of the added oligonucleotide reached 1 μM and 10 μMrespectively. Incubations were performed in duplicates. Cells wereincubated in a humidified cell culture incubator (Thermo Scientific,Waltham, Mass.) with 5% CO₂ in air at 37° C. for 24 hours. After theincubation period cell suspensions were pooled and added to 1 ml icecold PBS and thereafter washed at 1200 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C.Finally supernatant was removed and the cell pellet subsequentlydissolved and lysed in 350 μl RLT buffer with 1% of ß-mercaptoethanoladded. The lysed cell suspensions were frozen at −20° C. until furtherprocessing.

RT-PCR: Total RNA was extracted (Qiagen total RNA extraction kit,Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Samples were incubated with 27 kU of DNase for30 minutes at 37° C. in order to avoid amplification/detection ofcontaminating genomic DNA. After the RNA was eluted in 40 μl RNase-freewater, 5 μl of RNA eluate was taken for determination of the RNAconcentration by spectrophotometry. Reverse transcription was performedwith 0.15-1 μg of total RNA, random hexamers (0.1 μg; Invitrogen), andsuperscript reverse transcriptase (200 U; Invitrogen) followingmanufacturers guidelines. The resulting cDNA was diluted with steriledeionised water to form cDNA stock solutions. Amplification wasperformed using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real time PCR System usingSYBR-Green I (Applied Biosystems) with a two-step PCR protocol (95° C.for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 seconds and 60°C. for 1 minute). In preliminary experiments, the primer pairs had beentested using a conventional PCR protocol. The PCR products were run inan agarose gel and were in all cases confined to a single band of theexpected size. All primers used are listed in Table 2.

Semi-quantitative assessment of mRNA levels was performed using the ΔΔCtmethod with amplification of mRNA and actin-gamma, a house-keeping gene,in separate tubes. All samples were run in duplicates. Real-time PCRdata (individual ΔCt and RQ values) were calculated and analysed with7500 Real time PCR System SDS Software. The individual values were thenexported to Excel. For each particular gene the average RQ values fromthe duplicate samples were normalised against the average RQ value ofthe samples that were stimulated with medium only. The mean values andstandard deviation of the six individual splenocyte populations werecalculated accordingly.

TABLE 2 Realtime PCR primer sequences Gene Oligonucleotide sequenceIFN-alpha ▭Forward 5′-CCTCTTCACATCAAAGGAGTCATCT Reverse5′-ACAGGCTTGCAGACCACTCA IFN-beta ▭Forward 5′-GCGTTCCTGCTGTGCTTCTCReverse 5′-TGCTAGTGCTTTGTCGGAACTG IFN-gamma ▭Forward5′-TCGCCAAGTTCGAGGTGAA Reverse 5′-TAGATTCTGGTGACAGCTGGTGAA IL-6 Forward5′-CACCCACAACAGACCAGTATATACCA Reverse 5′-TGCCATTGCACAACTCTTTTCT IL-10Forward 5′-TGCGACGCTGTCATCGAT Reverse 5′-GACACCTTTGTCTTGGAGCTTATTAATNF-alpha ▭Forward 5′-TGATCGGTCCCAACAAGGA Reverse5′-TGCTTGGTGGTTTGCTACGA CXCL-1 Forward 5′-TCACTTCAAGAACATCCAGAGTTTGReverse 5′-GTGGCTATGACTTCGGTTTGG CXCL-2 Forward5′-AAGATACTGAACAAAGGCAAGGCTAA Reverse 5′-TTGATTCTGCCCGTTGAGGTA CXCL-10Forward 5′-CATGTTGAGATCATTGCCACAA Reverse 3′-CCGCTTTCAATAAGCTCTTGATGCCL-2 Forward 5′-CCAATGAGTCGGCTGGAGAA Reverse3′-GAGCTTGGTGACAAATACTACAGCTT CCL-3 Forward 5′-AGCCGGGTGTCATTTTCCTReverse 3′-TTGGACCCAGGTCTCTTTGG CCL-4 Forward 5′-GCACCAATAGGCTCTGACCCTReverse 3′-TTGGTCAGAAATACCACAGCTGG CCL-5 Forward5′-CCTTGCAGTCGTCTTTGTCACT Reverse 3′-GATGTATTCTTGAACCCACTTCTTCTC VEGF-AForward 5′-GGGCTGCTGCAATGATGAA Reverse 3′-TTGATCCGCATGATCTGCAT TGF-beta1Forward 5′-ACGTGGAAATCAATGGGATCA Reverse 3′-GGAAGGGTCGGTTCATGTCA Reverse5′-CCGACGATGGAAGGAAACAC

Results

Initially, the focus of the study was on the cytokines IFN-alpha,IFN-beta and IL-10, due to their suggested protective effects in MS andtherefore graphs for only these factors are included.

Both IFN-alpha (FIG. 1) and IFN-beta mRNA (FIG. 2) were induced byseveral oligonucleotides and especially IDX9052, IDX9054, IDX9060 andIDX0980 induced high levels of mRNA for these genes. Oligonucleotidesthat were not capable of inducing IFN-alpha/beta include IDX9022 andIDX9045.

In contrast to the type 1 interferons, IL-10, a potent Th-2 relatedcytokine was induced at much lower levels. IDX9060 and IDX0980 are amongthe oligonucleotides that induce the highest levels of IL-10 as shown inFIG. 3. Values were normalized to the mean RQ value of the samples thatwere stimulated with medium only. Data are shown as means±SD ofsplenocytes derived from 6 spleens.

The patterns of IFN-gamma, CXCL-10 and VEGF-A were nearly similarcompared to the pattern of the type I interferons and were moderately tostrongly induced by several oligonucleotides (data not shown). Mostoligonucleotides induced only limited amounts of IL-6 mRNA and thedifference between the tested compounds was relatively small (data notshown).

TNF-alpha and TGF-beta mRNA were hardly affected by any of the testedoligonucleotides as none of these molecules could change its expressionsignificantly. Interestingly, however was the observation that IDX9022and IDX9045 gave a conspicuous down regulation of TGF-beta (data notshown).

If one attempts to summarize the data on the remaining chemokines, thenit becomes clear that there are two groups: one group consisting ofgenes that respond upon treatment with an oligonucleotide and one groupconsisting of genes that do not respond or even show a down-regulationafter culture with an oligonucleotide. To the first group belongMIP-1alpha, MCP1 and CCL-5, whereas CCL-4, MIP-2 and CINC belong to thelatter group. In neither of the groups a clear overlap between the genescould be observed.

In conclusion, it has become evident that the inventors' candidate drugsare able to stimulate rat cells and thereby change expression levels ofseveral immunological relevant marker genes. These results provided thebasis for focusing on specific oligonucleotides in further studies,including in a rat EAE model.

Example 2 Reduction of CD49d Expression on Rat Cells in Vitro

The inventors set out to investigate if the inventive compounds canreduce CD49d (an important molecule on surface of lymphocytes thatinteracts with receptors on endothelial cells) and thereby reducing thetransmigration of the cells into the CNS, i.e. a critical step in MSpathogenesis. The inventors used splenocytes or blood from rat forstudying expression of CD49d upon stimulation with the inventivecompounds.

Material and Methods

Splenocytes (n=3) or PBMC (n=1) from DA rats were incubated at 37° C. ina volume of 500 μl of complete RPMI-medium (containing 10% FCS, 1%PenStrep, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM HEPES and 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate) in48-well plates at a concentration of 2×10⁶ cells/ml and treated with 10μM of IDX9022, IDX9058, IDX9038, IDX0150, IDX9054 and IDX9045.

After 48 hours, 200 μl of the cell suspension was spun down in 96-wellplates, resuspended in 100 μl of 2% FCS (in PBS) and incubated withfluorochrome conjugated anti-CD3 and anti-CD49d antibodies (BectonDickinson, San Jose, Calif.) for 30 min at 4° C. The cells were thenwashed twice in pure PBS and subsequently analyzed by FACS using aFACSArray bioanalyzer (BD) for surface antigen expression analysis.

Results

Splenocytes from 3 pooled DA rats showed down-regulation of CD49d upontreatment with inventive compounds (FIG. 4). This down-regulation wasmost pronounced with IDX0150, IDX9045 and IDX9054, 48 h afterincubation. PBMC from 1 DA rat showed down-regulation of CD49d upontreatment with inventive compounds (FIG. 5). This down-regulation wasmost pronounced with IDX0150 and IDX9038, 48 h after incubation.

A decrease in CD49d expression was observed in splenocytes and PBMCtreated with the inventive compounds. These properties of the inventivecompounds could reduce the process of transmigration and there by influxof cells into CNS, either as stand alone or as a combinatory treatmentwith antibody therapy.

Example 3 Animal Studies

The inventors commissioned animal studies to confirm their hypothesisand to test different candidate compounds. Two studies were performedwith MOG-induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DArats.

MOG-induced EAE in DA rats is a well characterised experimental modelwith high reproducibility sharing many features with its humancounterpart multiple sclerosis, and as such is an appropriate model fortherapeutic testing (Gold et al., 2006, Friese et al., 2006). Followingimmunization with MOG in IFA, animals become progressively paralysedfrom the tail, through the back legs to the front legs due toprogressive degeneration of myelin caused by infiltrating inflammatoryimmune cells into the spinal cord and brain. Pathogenesis is chronicrelapsing, with animals partially recovering and then relapsing withheightened disease, and is a result of both monocytes and T cell (type 1cytokines) and B cell (antibody) activities.

The rat was chosen as a rodent species since it is a widely acceptedrelapsing/remitting experimental model. The selected strain hasdocumented susceptibility to CNS inflammation. In general, 50-80% ofimmunized rats develop relapsing disease after a titrated immunization.The remaining ones develop either late chronic disease or die during thefirst attack.

Test animals: DA-rats (female, 180-250 g, 10-14 weeks of age) from B &K, Sollentuna, Sweden were used. The animals were allowed to acclimatizefor at least 7 days before test starting. In this period the animalswere observed daily to ascertain their fitness for the study. Animalsshowing signs of ill-health, any abnormalities or bodyweight rangeextremes were replaced before the study.

The groups were distributed within and between barriers in a mannerwhich allowed equalisation of environmental influences across the study.The test animals were identified by an ear tag. The cage card statednumber of the experiment, and the group code alone.

Housing: The animals were housed four per cage, unless reduced bymortality or isolation. The cages were conventional makrolon plasticcages with stainless steel lids. Aspen chips were used as flooringmaterial. Filtered, not recirculated air was supplied. The temperaturewas maintained within the range 20-23° C. and the relative humiditywithin the range 40-60%. Both temperature and relative humidity weremonitored daily. Lighting conditions were 12 hours light and 12 hoursdark (07.00-19.00).

Diet: The test animals were given conventional rodent diet (R 36(irradiated) from Lactamin, Sweden) ad lib. Before delivery, each batchof diet was analyzed by the supplier for various nutritional componentsand chemical and microbiological contaminants. The suppliers' analyticalcertificates were scrutinized and approved before any batch of diet wasreleased for use.

This diet contained no added antibiotic or other chemotherapeutic orprophylactic agent. The test animals were given water ad lib (municipaldrinking water) via polyethylene or polycarbonate pipes with sippertubes.

Immunization procedure: The rats were immunized (day=0) by injectingi.d. in the base of the tail 0.1 ml of an emulsion composed of 30 μg ratMOG pH3 (5.2 mg/ml stock) in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (Sigma, St.Louis, USA). This procedure is known to result, starting approximatelyfrom day 10, in the appearance of a progressive paralysis, arising fromthe tail and progressively ascending up to the forelimbs.

Duration of treatment: The test compounds and control were administeredtwice before (i.e. day 11 and day 15) the peak of the first attack, andthe third treatment at day 20 (during the peak of the first attack).

Test substances: In the first study, two proprietary oligonucleotideswere used, IDX9052 (SEQ ID NO 5) and IDX9054 (SEQ ID NO 2), togetherwith a publicly available oligonucleotide, IDX0980 (SEQ ID NO 10). Inthe second study, one proprietary oligonucleotide was used; IDX9054 (SEQID NO 2). The sequence of the test substances is given in Table 1.

The test compounds in the first study (IDX9052, IDX9054 and IDX0980)were administered s.c. in a total volume of 100 μl in the neck. Thisdose was administered three times. The test compound in the second study(IDX9054) was administered s.c in a total volume of 100 μl in the neckor i.n in a total volume of 40 μl on the nose. The drugs wereadministered three times either s.c or i.n. In both studies, PBS wasused as both vehicle and control (blank). The dose administered was 150μg per immunization in all studies.

Study design: The first study involved four groups of 12 animals each.All the groups were immunized with rat MOG in IFA, according to theimmunization protocol. All compounds were immunized three times.

-   Group 1: control group: vehicle alone PBS by s.c. route-   Group 2: dosed with 150 μg of IDX9052 by s.c. route-   Group 3: dosed with 150 μg of IDX9054 by s.c. route-   Group 4: dosed with 150 μg of IDX0980 by s.c. route

The number of animals per group was the minimum number allowing anaccurate assessment of observed pharmacological effects.

The second study involved three groups of 16 animals each. All thegroups were immunized with rat MOG in IFA, according to the immunizationprotocol. All compounds were immunized three times.

-   Group 1: dosed with 150 μg of IDX9054 by s.c route-   Group 2: control group: vehicle alone PBS by i.n. route-   Group 3: dosed with 150 μg of IDX9054 by i.n route

Clinical observations: The animals were visually inspected at leasttwice daily for evidence of reaction to treatment or ill-health.Starting from day 5 the animals were examined individually for thepresence of paralysis by means of a clinical score as follows:

-   0=no sign of disease-   1=tail weakness or tail paralysis-   2=hind leg paraparesis or hemiparesis-   3=hind leg paralysis or hemiparalysis-   4=complete paralysis (tetraparaplegy)-   5=moribund state or death

Ataxia was routinely assessed. A disease remission was defined as animprovement in disease score for at least 2 days consecutively. Arelapse was defined as an increase in the clinical deficit of at least 2points that lasted for at least 2 days.

The results of the clinical scores were expressed as the mean (±SEM)score within each group. The effects of the test substances werecompared with that of the vehicle-treated control group. Differences ofclinical score values among groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis testfollowed, in case of significance, by the pair wise Wilcoxon test, ateach measurement time.

Observation of the animals took place in a quiet room. Clinical signswere monitored daily in each group of treatment in a blind fashion by atechnician who was unaware of the treatments. The body weight of theanimals was also monitored daily.

Animals considered to be in pain, distress or in moribund condition wereexamined by the staff veterinarian or authorized personnel and, ifnecessary, humanely sacrificed to minimize undue pain or suffering.

Results

Animal status: In the first study all animals tolerated s.c treatmentwith vehicle or IDX9052, IDX9054 and IDX0980 without any adversebehavioral or physical effects as assessed daily. In the second study,all animals tolerated i.n and s.c. treatment with vehicle or IDX9054without any adverse behavioral or physical effects as assessed daily,except from one animal in the PBS i.n control group that diedimmediately following a treatment, an event not considered to benatural. One animal in the same group developed arthritis and wasscarified according to ethical guidelines.

At disease debut there was the usual associated drop in weight whichcontinued thereafter in all studies. Due to the variable diseaseincidence and mortality between groups, statistical analysis ofdifferences between groups is not informative. However, both IDX9054 andIDX0980—treated groups lost less weight than PBS control group in thefirst study and in the second study IDX9054 i.n and s.c—treated groupslost less weight than PBS i.n control group.

Clinical disease course: In study number one all rat groups wereassessed daily for clinical signs of disease. They began to develop EAEfrom day 10 (FIG. 6). Four animals in the IDX0980 treated group andthree animals in the IDX9054 treated groups never developed disease, butotherwise all other groups reached 100% clinical disease incidence byday 16 (FIG. 7). There was a significant difference between incidence inthe IDX0980 treated group and the control group (p=0.0285). All animalsare included in the presented analysis. In the second study, rats beganto develop EAE from day 11 (FIG. 8). Five animals in both the s.c andi.n IDX9054 treated groups never developed disease, but the PBS i.ngroup reached 100% clinical disease incidence by day 26. There was asignificant difference between incidence in the IDX9054 s.c andi.n—treated groups compared to the i.n control group (p=0.02).

Disease course developed with a relapsing-remitting course whichprogressively worsened over time. As not all animals in a groupdeveloped disease at exactly the same time, and their disease courseswere thus not completely in-phase with each other, the standarddeviations of the mean values presented are variable (Not shown).

In the first study, there was a significant difference in onset of EAEin the IDX9054 treated group (p=0.0318), being slightly delayed comparedto the control group. While there was no statistically significantdifference in either mean disease severity, cumulative score or meanmaximum score between groups, there was a definite tendency that bothIDX0980- and IDX9054-treated groups had reduced weight loss, reduceddisease severity and lower mortality rates than both other groups (FIG.9). In the second study, there was no statistically significantdifference in either onset of EAE mean disease severity, cumulativescore or mean maximum score between groups, but there was a definitetendency that both i.n- and s.c-IDX9054-treated groups had reducedweight loss, reduced disease severity and lower mortality rates than thecontrol PBS i.n group. The cumulative score and mean maximal score forthe i.n-IDX9054-treated group was marginally less than in thes.c-IDX9054-treated group.

This MOG-EAE model is a severe disease model, and rats either died orwere sacrificed due to ethical regulations in each group, being assigneda maximum score of 5 or 4, respectively, thereafter in all presentedanalyses. The mortality was generally high, but reflects the naturalvariation we routinely experience in the model.

A summary of all clinical data is presented in Tables 3-4, and a summaryof the statistical analysis is presented below each table.

TABLE 3 Summary of pre-clinical data from the first EAE study Mean cumu-Mean Inci- Cumu- lative Weight dence lative Score Mortality % ChangeGROUP n (%) Score (SD) (no./total) gram 0980 s.c 12 67 543 45 (37) 50.0(6/12) +8.25 9054 s.c 12 75 604 50 (38) 58.3 (7/12) +3.88 PBS s.c 12 100793 66 (24) 66.6 (8/12) −2.67 9052 s.c 12 100 762 64 (24) 66.6 (8/12)−4.16

P-Values for Pre-Clinical Study Number One IDX0980 vs PBS

-   CUMULATIVE SCORE p=0.2128-   MAX SCORE p=0.2444-   DISEASE DURATION p=0.3008-   DAY OF ONSET p=0.2873-   INCIDENCE p=0.0285*

IDX9054 vs PBS

-   CUMULATIVE SCORE p=0.3548-   MAX SCORE p=0.4490-   DISEASE DURATION p=0.1018-   DAY OF ONSET p=0.0318*-   INCIDENCE p=0.0641-   IDX9052 vs PBS-   CUMULATIVE SCORE p=0.6858-   MAX SCORE p=0.6806-   DISEASE DURATION p=0.3907-   DAY OF ONSET p=0.6123-   INCIDENCE p=-(both 100%)

TABLE 4 Summary of pre-clinical data from the second EAE study Meancumu- Mean Inci- Cumu- lative Weight dence lative Score Mortality %Change GROUP n (%) Score (SD) (no./total) gram PBS i.n 16 100 867 62(25) 50.0 (7/14)  −8.71 IDX-9054 i.n 16 68 672 42 (39) 21 (5/16) +11.44IDX-9054 s.c 16 68 726 45 (39) 21 (5/16) +6.3

P-Values for Pre-Clinical Study Number Two IDX9054 i.n vs PBS i.n

-   CUMULATIVE SCORE p=0.20-   MAX SCORE p=0.055-   DISEASE DURATION p=0.29-   DAY OF ONSET p=0.17-   INCIDENCE p=0.02*

IDX9054 s.c vs PBS i.n

-   CUMULATIVE SCORE p=0.21-   MAX SCORE p=0.12-   DISEASE DURATION p=0.24-   DAY OF ONSET p=0.16-   INCIDENCE p=0.02*

MOG-induced EAE in DA rats is a well characterized experimental modelwith high reproducibility. It shares many features with its humancounterpart multiple sclerosis, and as such is an appropriate model fortherapeutic testing (Gold et al., 2006, Friese et al., 2006).

Following immunization with MOG in IFA, animals become progressivelyparalyzed from the tail, through the back legs to the front legs due toprogressive degeneration of myelin caused by infiltrating inflammatoryimmune cells into the spinal cord and brain. Pathogenesis is chronicrelapsing, with animals partially recovering and then relapsing withheightened disease, and is a result of both monocytes and T cell (type 1cytokines) and B cell (antibody) activities.

The test substances are oligonucleotides with proven immunostimulatoryactivity in vitro. Their specific immunostimulatory profile differsdepending on the sequence of the oligonucleotide, which makescomparative analyses of their effects in vivo on ongoing inflammatoryresponses of therapeutic interest. The purpose of the two EAE-animalstudies was to investigate the effect of IDX9052, IDX9054 and IDX0980 ina model of relapsing/remitting MOG-induced EAE in DA rats.

Treatment with all test oligonucleotides, or with vehicle alone, did notcause any adverse physiological or behavioral effects in recipient rats.Treatment was initiated at just prior to the first bout of disease, inorder to have first allowed disease to develop normally but then todampen the ongoing proinflammatory cascade. Additional administrationswere timed to coincide with height of disease and start of the clinicaldisease phase. Recovery from this first period of EAE was morepronounced in both IDX0980- and IDX9054-treated groups, and developmentof subsequent clinical bouts was less pronounced in the IDX0980-treatedgroup. All measured parameters were reduced in both IDX0980- andIDX9054-treated groups compared to vehicle-treated groups.

SEQ ID NO 5 (IDX9052) was a strong inducer of IFN alpha/beta in ratsplenocytes but showed no reduced severity of disease in the EAE ratmodel. Thus, the reduced severity of disease observed in the EAE ratmodel upon treatment with IDX9054 and IDX0980 can not be correlated toonly IFN beta production. Furthermore, the results obtained with SEQ IDNO 2 (IDX9054) indicate that this compound has a therapeutic effect,both s.c. and i.n. in MOG-EAE in DA rats.

Example 4 Reduction of CD49d in Vitro in Patient Samples

To investigate if the inventive compounds can reduce CD49d expressionthe inventors used PBMC isolated from RRMS patients for studyingexpression of CD49d upon stimulation with candidate compounds.

Material and Methods

PBMC from RRMS patients (n=9) was obtained from BD CPT vacutainer(Becton Dickinson). The cells were immediately incubated at 37° C. in avolume of 500 μl of complete RPMI-medium (containing 10% FCS, 1%PenStrep, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM HEPES and 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate) in48-well plates at a concentration of 2×10⁶ cells/ml and treated with 1,10 and 25 μM of each of the oligonucleotide compounds (Table 1). Cellsincubated with oligonucleotides were harvested after 48 h, washed in PBSand re-suspended in PBS supplemented with 2% FCS. The cells were stainedwith two different sets of fluorochrome conjugated antibody mixtures;(1) anti-CD3 APC, anti-CD49d PE and (2) anti-CD19 PE Cy7, anti-CD49d APCfor 30 min at 4° C. The antibodies were purchased from Becton Dickinson.After staining, the cells were washed in PBS and subsequently analyzedby FACS using a FACSArray bioanalyzer (Becton Dickinson).

Results

PBMC isolated from RRMS patients showed down-regulation of CD49d on Tcells in a dose dependent manner upon stimulation with theoligonucleotides (FIG. 10).

A decrease in CD49d expression on cells was observed in PBMC isolatedfrom RRMS patients treated with the inventive compounds. Theseproperties of the inventive compounds could reduce the transmigrationand thereby the influx of cells into CNS.

Example 5 Reduction of chemokine receptors in vitro in patient samples

The influx of blood mononuclear cells (e.g. T-cells, B-cells, monocytes)in CNS plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MS. Blocking orreducing the influx would therefore be beneficial for the treatment ofMS. Chemokine receptors like CCR5 (CD195), CCR2 (CD192), and CXCR3(CD183) are expressed on mononuclear cells and are involved inrecruitment of the cells to the site of inflammation. To investigate ifthe inventive compounds can reduce expression of said chemokinereceptors, the inventors stimulated PBMC isolated from RRMS patientswith the inventive compounds.

Material and Methods

PBMCs from RRMS patients (n=3) were isolated using BD CPT vacutainer.The cells were immediately incubated at 37° C. in a volume of 500 μl ofcomplete RPMI-medium (containing 10% FCS, 1% PenStrep, 2 mM L-glutamine,10 mM HEPES and 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate) in 48-well plates at aconcentration of 2×10⁶ cells/ml and treated with 1, 10 and 25 μM of eachinventive compounds. Cells incubated with the oligonucleotides wereharvested after 48 h, washed in PBS and re-suspended in PBS supplementedwith 2% FCS. The cells were stained with three different sets offluorochrome conjugated antibody mixtures; (1) anti-CD3 PE-Cy-7,anti-CCR5 APC-Cy7, anti-CCR2 Alexa Fluor 647, anti-CXCR3-PE, (2)anti-CD19 PE-Cy-7, anti-CCR5 APC-Cy7, anti-CCR2 Alexa Fluor 647,anti-CXCR3 PE and (3) anti-CD14 PE-Cy-7, anti-CCR5 APC-Cy7, anti-CCR2Alexa Fluor 647, anti-CXCR3 PE, for 30 min at 4° C. The antibodies werepurchased from Becton Dickinson. After washing in PBS, the cells wereanalyzed using a FACSarray flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson).

Results

PBMC isolated from RRMS patients (n=3) showed down-regulation of CXCR3on T cells (CD3 positive) after stimulation with inventive compounds,especially by IDX9045 (FIG. 11). CCR5 was also down-regulated on T cellsafter oligonucleotide treatment, especially by IDX9022 (data not shown).

PBMC isolated from RRMS patients (n=3) showed down-regulation of CXCR3on CD19 positive cells. The oligonucleotides that showed the most potentdown-regulatory effect of this receptor were IDX9038, IDX9054, IDX9058,IDX9045, IDX9004, and IDX0980 (FIG. 12).

PBMC isolated from RRMS patients (n=3) showed down-regulation of CXCR3,CCR5 and CCR2 on CD14 positive cells. The oligonucleotides showing themost potent down-regulatory effect of CXCR3, CCR5 and CCR2 are shown inFIGS. 13, 14 and 15 A and B, respectively.

A decrease in chemokine receptor (CCR5, CXCR3, CCR2) expression on T, Band monocytes was observed in PBMC isolated from RRMS patients treatedwith the inventive compounds. These properties of the inventivecompounds could play important role in reduction of the migration ofthese cells towards the CNS.

Example 6 Reduction of Chemotaxis of Leukocytes Isolated from RRMSPatients

MCP-1 and RANTES are potent chemokines for the recruitment of bloodmononuclear cells, in particular monocytes, T-cells, and B-cells to thesite of inflammation. Chemotaxis of blood mononuclear cells towardsMCP-1 and RANTES is mediated mainly through CCR2, and CCR5 receptors,respectively. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that thedecreased expression of CCR2, and CCR5 by inventive compounds as shownin example 5, can indeed reduce the migration of mononuclear cells.

Material and Methods

Chemotaxis of blood mononuclear cells was investigated using the QCM™colorimetric chemotaxis assay (Millipore, Temecula, Calif.) according tothe manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, PBMCs were isolated from RRMSpatients using BD CPT vacutainer and treated with 1, 10 and 25 μM ofinventive compounds as described in example 5. After 48 h the cells werewashed and transferred (3×10⁵ cells in 250 μl medium) to the top insertsof 24-well cell migration plate assembly having a pore size of 3 μm. 300μl of medium containing chemo-attractants MCP-1 (long/mL) and RANTES (10ng/mL) was then added to the lower chamber. The cells were then allowedto migrate through the filter towards the chemoattractant for 16 h at37° C. in a humidified cell culture incubator (Thermo Scientific) with5% CO₂ in air. Thereafter, the cells from the lower chamber, i.e.migrated cells, were detected by incubation with the cell viabilitystain WST-1 for 1 h followed by quantification by measuring theabsorbance at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Tecan, Männedorf,Switzerland).

Results

PBMCs isolated from two different RRMS patients treated with inventivecompounds (IDX9045, IDX9054, IDX0980) showed less migration thanuntreated cells towards the chemo-attractants in a functional migrationassay (FIG. 16A-B).

This indicates that the reduction of cell migration is due to a lowerexpression of the receptors. There is reason to predict that theseresults also reflect an in vivo scenario, consequently leading to lesschemotaxis of cells into the central nervous system.

Example 7 Reduction of VEGF in Vitro in Patient Samples

The active lesions in MS are characterized by blood-brain barrier (BBB)breakdown, suggesting that altered vessel permeability is involved inthe pathogenesis of the disease. In patients with MS, it has beenreported that VEGF induces blood vessel permeability thereby increasesthe influx of the autoaggressive cells into CNS (Proescholdt MA et al.,2002). To investigate if the inventive compounds can reduce productionof VEGF, the inventors used PBMC isolated from RRMS patients forstudying production of VEGF upon stimulation with the inventivecompounds.

Material and Methods

PBMCs were isolated from RRMS patients (n=6-11) using BD CPT vacutainer.The cells were immediately incubated at 37° C. in a volume of 500 μl ofcomplete RPMI-medium in 48-well plates at a concentration of 2×10⁶cells/ml and treated with 1, 10 and 25 μM of each inventive compounds.After 48 h the supernatants were analyzed for presence of VEGF usingcytometric bead array (CBA, Becton Dickinson).

Results

PBMC isolated from RRMS patients showed significant VEGF reduction incell supernatants after stimulation with IDX9038, IDX9045, IDX9004, andIDX0980 (FIG. 17), however, IDX9022, IDX9058, IDX9054, IDX9060, IDX0150and IDX9052 did not reduce VEGF in the cell supernatant (data notshown).

A reduction of VEGF was observed in the cell supernatant from cellstreated with the inventive compounds. This property of the inventivecompounds is believed to reduce vascular permeability of the BBB andthereby prevent the infiltration of immune cells into CNS.

Example 8 Induction of IFN-Beta in Vitro in Patient Samples

The inventors used blood from RRMS patients to test different candidatecompounds in vitro for induction of IFN-beta.

Material and Methods

PBMCs were isolated from RRMS patients (n=6) using BD CPT vacutainer.The cells were immediately incubated at 37° C. in a volume of 500 μl ofcomplete RPMI-medium in 48-well plates at a conc. of 2×10⁶ cells/ml andtreated with 1, 10 and 25 μM of each of oligonucleotide compounds. After48 h the supernatants were analyzed for IFN-beta production using anIFN-beta ELISA kit (Invitrogen).

Results

PBMC isolated from RRMS patients showed significant IFN-beta productionin cell supernatants after stimulation with IDX9058, IDX9045, IDX9004,IDX9054, IDX9060 and IDX0980 after 48 h (FIG. 18). IDX9022, IDX9038 andIDX 9052 did not induce significant IFN-beta production in supernatant(data not shown). IDX0150 showed no IFN-beta production at all (data notshown).

An increased IFN-beta production was observed in cell supernatant fromPBMC isolated from RRMS patients treated with the inventive compounds.This property of the inventive compounds to elicit IFN-beta productioncould contribute to less inflammation due to the known beneficialeffects of this cytokine, as currently used in RRMS therapy.

In general, the results of the experiments performed by the inventorsindicate that the oligonucleotides can be effective in an in vivosituation where an inhibition or reduction of mononuclear cells to thecentral nervous system could be beneficial for the treatment ofinflammatory diseases of the CNS. This beneficial effect of theinventive compounds can be mediated through down-regulating theexpression of at least one cell surface marker or VEGF.

Although the invention has been described with regard to its preferredembodiments, which constitute the best mode presently known to theinventor, it should be understood that various changes and modificationsas would be obvious to one having the ordinary skill in this art may bemade without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth inthe claims appended hereto.

REFERENCES

-   FDA News P04-107, Nov. 23, 2004.-   Friese, M A et al., The value of animal models for drug development    in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 2006;129 (Pt 8):1940-52.-   Gold et al., Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple    sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in    experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research, Brain, 2006;129    (Pt 8):1953-71.-   Hafler, D A, Multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest, 2004.-   Kerkmann, M. et al., Spontaneous formation of nucleic acid-based    nanoparticles is responsible for high interferon-alpha induction by    CpG-A in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, J Biol Chem, 2005;    280(9):8086-93.-   Wikström, F H et al., Structure-dependent modulation of alpha    interferon production by porcine circovirus 2    oligodeoxyribonucleotide and CpG DNAs in porcine peripheral blood    mononuclear cells., J Virol. 2007; 81(10):4919-27.

Proescholdt M A. et al, Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressedin multiple sclerosis plaques and can induce inflammatory lesions inexperimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats., J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.2002; 61(10):914-25

Trebst C, Ransohoff R M. Investigating chemokines and chemokinereceptors in patients with multiple sclerosis: opportunities andchallenges, Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):1975-80.

Steinman L. A molecular trio in relapse and remission in multiplesclerosis, Nat Rev Immunol., 2009;9(6):440-7.

1. A method for the treatment and/or alleviation of multiple sclerosisin a multiple sclerosis patient in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering an oligonucleotide to the patient in an amount effectiveto inhibit or reduce the influx of mononuclear and/or autoaggressivecells to the central nervous system by down-regulating the expression ofat least one specific cell surface marker, wherein the oligonucleotideis an isolated and substantially purified oligonucleotide selected fromthe group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9 (IDX0150), and SEQ ID NO: 10(IDX0980), and wherein the administration of the oligonucleotide is madein the absence of corticosteroid administration.
 2. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO: 9 (IDX0150). 3.The method according to claim 1, wherein the oligonucleotide is SEQ IDNO: 10 (IDX0980).
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cellsurface marker is at least one of CD49d, CXCR3 (CD183), CCR2 (CD192),and CCRS (CD195).
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the oligonucleotideis SEQ ID NO: 9 (IDX0150).
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the cellsurface marker is CD49d and the oligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO: 9(IDX0150).
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the route ofadministration is chosen from mucosal, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intravenous and intraperitoneal administration.
 8. The method accordingto claim 7, wherein the mucosal administration is chosen from nasal,oral, gastric, ocular, rectal, urogenital and vaginal administration. 9.The method according to claim 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is SEQ IDNO: 9 (IDX0150).
 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein theoligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO: 9 (IDX0150).
 11. A method for thetreatment and/or alleviation of multiple sclerosis in a multiplesclerosis patient in need thereof, the method comprising administeringan oligonucleotide to the patient in an amount effective to inhibit orreduce the influx of mononuclear and/or autoaggressive cells to thecentral nervous system by reducing the production of VEGF, wherein theoligonucleotide is an isolated and substantially purifiedoligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9(IDX0150), and SEQ ID NO: 10 (IDX0980), and wherein the administrationof the oligonucleotide is made in the absence of corticosteroidadministration.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein theoligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO: 9 (IDX0150).
 13. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the oligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO: 10 (IDX0980). 14.The method according to claim 11, wherein the route of administration ischosen from mucosal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous andintraperitoneal administration.
 15. The method according to claim 14,wherein the mucosal administration is chosen from nasal, oral, gastric,ocular, rectal, urogenital and vaginal administration.
 16. The methodaccording to claim 14, wherein the oligonucleotide is SEQ ID NO: 9(IDX0150).
 17. A method for the treatment and/or alleviation of multiplesclerosis in a multiple sclerosis patient in need thereof by inhibitingor reducing the influx of mononuclear and/or autoaggressive cells to thecentral nervous system by down-regulating the expression of at least onespecific cell surface marker, the method comprising administering anoligonucleotide to the patient in an amount effective to inhibit orreduce the influx of mononuclear and/or autoaggressive cells to thecentral nervous system by down-regulating the expression of at least onespecific cell surface marker, wherein the oligonucleotide is theisolated oligonucleotide G*G*GGGACGATCGTCG*G*G*G*G*G (SEQ ID NO: 10)(IDX0980), wherein * represents phosphorothioate modification.
 18. Amethod for the treatment and/or alleviation of multiple sclerosis in amultiple sclerosis patient in need thereof by inhibiting or reducing theinflux of mononuclear and/or autoaggressive cells to the central nervoussystem by reducing the production of VEGF, the method comprisingadministering an oligonucleotide to the patient in an amount effectiveto inhibit or reduce the influx of mononuclear and/or autoaggressivecells to the central nervous system by reducing the production of VEGF,wherein the oligonucleotide is an isolated oligonucleotide of thenucleotide sequence G*G*GGGACGATCGTCG*G*G*G*G*G (SEQ ID NO: 10)(IDX0980), wherein * represents phosphorothioate modification, andwherein the oligonucleotide is administered in a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a pharmacologically compatible andphysiologically acceptable excipient or carrier.
 19. The methodaccording to claim 18, wherein the route of administration is chosenfrom mucosal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous andintraperitoneal administration.
 20. The method according to claim 19,wherein the mucosal administration is chosen from nasal, oral, gastric,ocular, rectal, urogenital and vaginal administration.
 21. The methodaccording to claim 18, wherein the pharmacologically compatible andphysiologically acceptable excipient or carrier is selected from thegroup consisting of saline, liposomes, surfactants, mucoadhesivecompounds, enzyme inhibitors, bile salts, absorption enhancers,cyclodextrins, and a combination thereof
 22. The method according toclaim 18, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in an amount ofabout 1 to about 2000 μg per kg body weight.
 23. The method according toclaim 18, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in an amount ofabout 1 to about 1000 μg per kg body weight.
 24. The method according toclaim 18, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in an amount ofabout 1 to 500 μg per kg body weight.